Cameron, T. A. (1991) “Interval Estimates of Non-market Resource Values from Referendum Contingent Valuation Surveys,” Land Economics, 67 (4), 413-21.
 


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Kline, J. D., R. J. Alig, et al. (2000). “Forest owner incentives to protect riparian habitat.” Ecological Economics 33(1): 29-43.

Private landowners increasingly are asked to cooperate with landscape-level management to protect or enhance ecological resources. We examine the willingness of nonindustrial private forest owners in the Pacific Northwest (USA) to forego harvesting within riparian areas to improve riparian habitat. An empirical model is developed describing owners' willingness to accept an economic incentive to adopt a 200-foot harvest buffer along streams as a function of their forest ownership objectives and socioeconomic characteristics. Results suggest that owners' willingness to forego harvest varies by their forest ownership objectives. Mean incentive payments necessary to induce owners to forego harvest in riparian areas are higher for owners possessing primarily timber objectives ($128- 137/acre/year) than for owners possessing both timber and nontimber objectives ($54-69/acre/year) or primarily recreation objectives ($38-57/acre/year). (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.



Whitehead, J. C. and T. J. Hoban (1999). “Testing for temporal reliability in contingent valuation with time for changes in factors affecting demand.” Land Economics 75(3): 453-465.

We develop a temporal reliability test of the contingent valuation method. Separate random samples were administered the same telephone survey five years apart. In the retest, respondents have less favorable attitudes toward the environment. Given this result, a temporally reliable contingent valuation would find lower willingness to pay, We find that the estimates are temporally reliable. After accounting for attitudes which have changed over the Jive-yens period, values are not significantly different Jive years apart. This study provides additional evidence that use of the contingent valuation method can provide useful information for environmental policy analysis, (JEL Q26).


Boman, M., G. Bostedt, et al. (1999). “Obtaining welfare bounds in discrete-response valuation studies: A non-parametric approach.” Land Economics 75(2): 284-294.

Welfare change estimates obtained from discrete-response contingent valuation experiments normally assume a particular distribution of,willingness-to-pay (WTP). Using conventional microeconomic theory, we derive upper and lower bounds on such estimates. These bounds are interpreted statistically in terms of non-parametric estimators of mean WTP and its variance. Two contingent valuation surveys illustrate the proposed bounds, and the performances of the variance estimators are scrutinized with a Monte Carlo simulation. All calculations can be made by hand, simplifying communication among those involved in interpreting results from contingent valuation studies using discrete-response data. (JEL Q26).


Poe, G. L., and R. C. Bishop (1999) “Valuing the incremental benefits of groundwater protection when exposure levels are known,” Environmental & Resource Economics, 13 (3), 341-367.

Both economic theory and psychological research indicate that benefit functions for reductions in health risk exposures may be conditional on current exposures. Using nitrates found in household wells, it is demonstrated that perceptions of health risks across exposure levels are affected by the individual's current exposure level, thus providing support for a conditional benefits function approach. Functions of conditional incremental benefits are estimated from a contingent valuation study of households that had been informed of their water test results. Incremental benefits reach a peak at an intermediate level of nitrates and then decline. Possible explanations for this nonconvexity are provided.

Cooper, J. C. O. C. T. (1998) “The Effect of Rental Rates on the Extension of Conservation Reserve Program Contracts,” American Journal Of Agricultural Economics, 80 (1), 184-194.


Whitehead, J. C. B. G. C. R. R. C. H. J. C. (1998) “Construct-Validity of Dichotomous and Polychotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Questions,” Environmental & Resource Economics, 11 (1), 107-116.


Groothuis, P. A. V. G. W. J. C. (1998) “Using Contingent Valuation to Measure the Compensation Required to Gain Community Acceptance of a Lulu - The Case of Hazardous-Waste Disposal-Facility,” Public Finance Review, 26 (3), 231-249.


Poe, G. L. (1998) “Valuation of Groundwater Quality Using a Contingent Valuation-Damage Function-Approach,” Water Resources Research, 34 (12), 3627-3633.


Cooper, J. C., and C. T. Osborn (1998) “The effect of rental rates on the extension of conservation reserve program contracts,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80 (1), 184-194.

Given that the majority of conservation reserve program (CRP) contracts on approximately 36 million acres of enrolled land expire concurrently, re-enrollment decisions by farmers and the federal government have high budgetary implications. Using a survey of over 8,000 CRP contract holders, we apply an ordered response discrete choice model to explicitly model the range in rental rates over which the representative farmer may be ambivalent to renewing the CRP contract. Given the empirical results from the ordered response model, we estimate acreage re-enrollment as a function of the rental rate and compare them to results of a binomial choice model.

McConnell, K. E., I. E. Strand, and S. Valdes (1998) “Testing temporal reliability and carry-over effect: The role of correlated responses in test-retest reliability studies,” Environmental & Resource Economics, 12 (3), 357-374.

Test-retest studies help establish the reliability of contingent valuation (CV) responses but must confront the problem that the initial response may influence subsequent responses, and thus weaken conclusions. We develop a model that tests the influence of heterogeneous preferences and previous responses. By estimating a model of sportfishing, we show that correlation between answers to a CV question is induced by heterogeneous preferences.



Kramer, R. A. M. D. E. (1997) “Valuing a Global Environmental Good - Us Residents Willingness-to-Pay to Protect Tropical Rain-Forests,” Land Economics, 73 (2), 196-210.


Lindberg, K., R. L. Johnson, and R. P. Berrens (1997) “Contingent valuation of rural tourism development with tests of scope and mode stability,” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 22 (1), 44-60.

Contingent valuation is used to measure the social impacts of tourism in rural Oregon communities. Impacts are substantial, for example, annual household willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce traffic congestion is $186. Study features included tests of sensitivity to a change in scope, tests of stability across survey mode, and a thorough system of ''no''-vote follow-up questions in a referendum format. While there is no evidence of scope effects (at the 0.05 level), results indicate that conclusions regarding sensitivity to scope may be dependent on the test used. WTP estimates are substantially less with the mail versus telephone survey mode.

Huang, J. C. H. T. C. W. J. C. (1997) “Willingness-to-Pay for Quality Improvements - Should Revealed and Stated Preference Data Be Combined,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 34 (3), 240-255.


Lindberg, K. J. R. L. (1997) “The Economic Values of Tourisms Social Impacts,” Annals Of Tourism Research, 24 (1), 90-116.


Lindberg, K. J. R. L. B. R. P. (1997) “Contingent Valuation of Rural Tourism Development with Tests of Scope and Mode-Stability,” Journal Of Agricultural And Resource Economics, 22 (1), 44-60.


Tiller, K. H. J. P. M. P. W. M. (1997) “Household Willingness-to-Pay for Dropoff Recycling,” Journal Of Agricultural And Resource Economics, 22 (2), 310-320.



Shyamsundar, P. K. R. A. (1996) “Tropical Forest Protection - An Empirical-Analysis of the Costs Borne by Local People,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 31 (2), 129-144.



Echeverria, J., M. Hanrahan, and R. Solorzano (1995) “Valuation of Nonpriced Amenities Provided By the Biological Resources Within the Monteverde-Cloud-Forest-Preserve, Costa- Rica,” Ecological Economics, 13 (1), 43-52.

To quantify the economic benefits of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve and to test the contingent valuation method in a third world setting, a contingent valuation survey was designed with five experimental treatments. These determined an overall expected value per visitor; determined and compared two ways of eliciting value, single versus annual lump-sum payments; and compared average values of Costa Rican versus non-Costa Rican visitors. Visitors were willing to pay to prevent the Preserve's conversion to agricultural uses. Monteverde's value as a cloud forest preserve appears much higher than any value it might have in agricultural use. Despite lower incomes, Costa Rican visitors valued the Preserve more highly than non-Costa Rican visitors. Visitors may have differentiated only weakly between greatly differing bid amounts. Expected values derived from econometric analysis of the differing experimental treatments suggest that further methodological adaptation of the contingent valuation method may be required (1) when it is applied in third world settings, and (2) when precision is critical in estimating WTPs.


Holmes, T. P. K. R. A. (1995) “An Independent Sample Test of Yea-Saying and Starting Point Bias in Dichotomous-Choice Contingent Valuation,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 29 (1), 121-132.


Richer, J. (1995) “Willingness-to-Pay For Desert Protection,” Contemporary Economic Policy, 13 (4), 93-104.

This paper uses a referendum-style survey approach known as dichotomous-choice contingent valuation to estimate the benefits of restricting the uses of 6.9 million acres of desert land. Statistical techniques estimate the value to California residents of creating three new national parks and 76 new wilderness areas in the high and low deserts of eastern california. The total amount that California residents would be willing to pay to enact desert protection legislation ranges from $177 million to $448 million per year. This estimate hinges on the assumptions that (i) the residents who did not complete and return the survey questionnaire (''nonrespondents'') would receive no benefits from desert protection and (ii) the estimate of willingness to pay for the ''respondents'' is unbiased.



Cooper, J. C. (1994) “A Comparison of Approaches to Calculating Confidence-Intervals for Benefit Measures from Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Surveys,” Land Economics, 70 (1), 111-122.


Poe, G. L. S. E. K. W. M. P. (1994) “Measuring the Difference (X-Y) of Simulated Distributions - A Convolutions Approach,” American Journal Of Agricultural Economics, 76 (4), 904-915.



Hoehn, J. P. L. J. B. (1993) “Substitution Effects in the Valuation of Multiple Environmental-Programs,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 25 (1), 56-75.