Cameron, T. A., and D. D. Huppert (1989) “OLS versus ML Estimation of Non-market Resource Values with Payment Card Interval Data,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 17 (3), 230-46.
 


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Werner, M. (1999). “Allowing for zeros in dichotomous-choice contingent-valuation models.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 17(4): 479-486.

Dichotomous-choice contingent-valuation data are modeled using a mixture distribution. The standard parametric survival model is modified such that respondents in the lowest willingness-to- pay category may have either zero willingness to pay or a small positive willingness to pay. In comparison to the standard model, the mixture model leads to a dramatic reduction in estimates of mean willingness to pay. Covariates such as income are found to be more significant in determining the positive portion of the distribution of willingness to pay.


Aldy, J. E., R. A. Kramer, and T. P. Holmes (1999) “Environmental equity and the conservation of unique ecosystems: An analysis of the distribution of benefits for protecting southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests,” Society & Natural Resources, 12 (2), 93-106.

Some critics in the environmental equity literature argue that low-income populations disproportionately have environmental risks while the wealthy and better educated gain disproportionately from protecting unique ecosystems. We test this hypothesis in an analysis of the decline of southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests. We calculate willingness-to-pay measures for forest protection through a contingent valuation survey. Survey respondents consider spruce-fir forest protection to be a normal good (income elasticity: 0.421). Education does not influence willingness to pay. In an assessment of willingness to pay scaled by income, we found that income has a negative effect, implying that as income increases, willingness to pay as a percentage of income decreases. Education weakly influences willingness to pay in this assessment. Given the substantial existence and bequest values associated with these forests, these results substantiate our rejection of the hypothesis that conserving this unique ecosystem only benefits the wealthy and better educated.

Hackl, F., and G. J. Pruckner (1999) “On the gap between payment card and closed-ended CVM-answers,” Applied Economics, 31 (6), 733-742.

The paper presents contingent valuation (CV) estimates of benefits provided by a proposed 'Kalkalpen' National Park in Austria. Although descriptive results of welfare measures are presented, the focus of the paper is on methodological questions concerning the analysis of CV answers. Evidence is given regarding the difference between payment card (PC) answers and closed-ended question formats. Based on different estimation models for CV questions substantial differences are found between closed-ended and payment card welfare measures. On average PC-willingness to pay (WTP) measures are below the closed-ended figures. Since the evaluation models are based on different premises in the calculation of WTP figures a more precise disclosure of the underlying evaluation methods is required if different question formats are compared to one another. Identical assumptions on the probability distributions have to be assumed whenever open- and closed-ended CV welfare measures are compared. Taking theoretical arguments into account the application of the closedended double-bounded Spike model that provides an average welfare measure is recommended.


Welsh, M. P., and G. L. Poe (1998) “Elicitation effects in contingent valuation: Comparisons to a multiple bounded discrete choice approach,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 36 (2), 170-185.

This paper develops a multiple bounded discrete choice elicitation technique that allows respondents to express their level of voting certainty for a wide range of referendum thresholds. The paper concludes with the results of an empirical study comparing values obtained from a multiple bounded model with values derived from three standard contingent valuation elicitation formats: dichotomous choice, payment card, and open-ended. The multiple bounded discrete choice format covers the range of values associated with the other three predominantly used elicitation methods. Moreover, alternative parameterizations of the multiple bounded discrete choice model correspond to these standard elicitation techniques. (C) 1998 Academic Press.

Breffle, W. S., E. R. Morey, and T. S. Lodder (1998) “Using contingent valuation to estimate a neighbourhood's willingness to pay to preserve undeveloped urban land,” Urban Studies, 35 (4), 715-727.

Contingent valuation (CV) is used to estimate a neighbourhood's willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve a 5.5-acre parcel of undeveloped land in Boulder, Colorado, that provides views, open space and wildlife habitat. Households were surveyed to determine bounds on their WTP for preservation. An interval model is developed to estimate sample WTP as a function of distance, income and other characteristics. The model accommodates individuals who might be made better off by development and addresses the accumulation of WTP responses at zero. Weighted sample WTP estimates are aggregated to obtain the neighbourhood's WTP, This application demonstrates that contingent valuation is a flexible policy tool for land managers and community groups wanting to estimate WTP to preserve undeveloped urban land.

Chambers, C. M., P. E. Chambers, and J. C. Whitehead (1998) “Contingent valuation of quasi-public goods: Validity, reliability, and application to valuing a historic site,” Public Finance Review, 26 (2), 137-154.

This article employs the contingent valuation method (CVM) to measure the nonmarket value of preservation of the Ste. Genevieve Academy, a quasi-public good. This study represents a new application of the CVM featuring a historical resource. As such, the authors explore the validity and reliability of this application of the method. Construct validity tests bared on economic theory and the reliability test of internal consistency are conducted. The authors find evidence that the CVM can be a useful approach for measuring the nonmarket value of quasi-public goods such as historical resources. The authors also illustrate how the CVM can be used for policy analysis of preservation of historical sites.


Kramer, R. A., and D. E. Mercer (1997) “Valuing a global environmental good: US residents' willingness to pay to protect tropical rain forests,” Land Economics, 73 (2), 196-210.

Although contingent valuation (CV) is the most common technique for valuing nonmarket environmental resources, rarely has it been applied to global environmental goods. This study uses CV in a national survey to assess the value U.S. residents place on tropical rain forest protection. On average respondents were willing to make a onetime payment of approximately $21-31 per household to protect an additional 5 percent of tropical forests. Although respondents were able to give consistent responses across two different CV formats, focus groups were unwilling or unable to allocate their aggregate rainforest valuations across or among regions or specific rain forests.

Kirchhoff, S. C. B. G. L. J. T. (1997) “Evaluating the Performance of Benefit Transfer - An Empirical Inquiry,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 33 (1), 75-93.


Rosenberger, R. S. W. R. G. (1997) “Nonmarket Value of Western Valley Ranchland Using Contingent Valuation,” Journal Of Agricultural And Resource Economics, 22 (2), 296-309.


Champ, P. A. B. R. C. B. T. C. M. D. W. (1997) “Using Donation Mechanisms to Value Nonuse Benefits from Public-Goods,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 33 (2), 151-162.


Loomis, J. E. E. (1997) “Economic-Benefits of Critical Habitat for the Mexican Spotted Owl - A Scope Test Using a Multiple-Bounded Contingent Valuation Survey,” Journal Of Agricultural And Resource Economics, 22 (2), 356-366.


Ryan, M. R. J. T. J. (1997) “Using Willingness-to-Pay to Value Alternative Models of Antenatal Care,” Social Science & Medicine, 44 (3), 371-380.


Ready, R. C. B. J. C. H. D. Y. (1996) “Differences Between Continuous and Discrete Contingent Value Estimates,” Land Economics, 72 (3), 397-411.


Alberini, A. H. W. M. V. (1995) “Determinants of Participation in Accelerated Vehicle-Retirement Programs,” Rand Journal Of Economics, 26 (1), 93-112.


Kenkel, P. L. N. P. E. (1995) “Agricultural Producers Willingness-to-Pay for Real-Time Mesoscale Weather Information,” Journal Of Agricultural And Resource Economics, 20 (2), 356-372.


Whitehead, J. C. (1995) “Willingness-to-Pay For Quality Improvements - Comparative Statics and Interpretation of Contingent Valuation Results,” Land Economics, 71 (2), 207-215.

This paper extends variation function theory by examining the effects of changes in prices, quality, and income on willingness to pay for quality change. Comparative static effects are found for both on-site users and nonusers of the resource. These results are used to interpret contingent valuation empirical models. For example, the substitution and complementary relationships between trips to natural resource sites can be identified. This paper also suggests tests for comparison of contingent valuation with recreation demand models and other tests of validity.

Whitehead, J. C. H. T. J. C. W. B. (1995) “Measurement Issues with Iterated, Continuous-Interval Contingent Valuation Data,” Journal Of Environmental Management, 43 (2), 129-139.


Bostedt, G. M. L. (1995) “The Value of Forests for Tourism in Sweden,” Annals Of Tourism Research, 22 (3), 671-680.


Holmes, T. P. K. R. A. (1995) “An Independent Sample Test of Yea-Saying and Starting Point Bias in Dichotomous-Choice Contingent Valuation,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 29 (1), 121-132.


McLeod, P. B. R. E. J. S. G. J. (1994) “Willingness-to-Pay for Continued Government Service Provision - The Case of Agriculture Protection Services,” Journal Of Environmental Management, 40 (1), 1-16.


Whitehead, J. C., T. J. Hoban, and W. B. Clifford (1994) “Specification Bias in Contingent Valuation From Omission of Relative Price Variables,” Southern Economic Journal, 60 (4), 995-1009.


Berrens, R. B. O. A. R. M. (1993) “Valuation Issues in an Urban Recreational Fishery - Spring Chinook Salmon in Portland, Oregon,” Journal Of Leisure Research, 25 (1), 70-83.


Farber, S. R. A. (1993) “Willingness-to-Pay for Air-Quality - The Case of Outdoor Exercise,” Contemporary Policy Issues, 11 (4), 19-30.


Bowker, J. M. M. H. F. (1993) “An Economic-Analysis of Localized Pollution - Rendering Emissions in a Residential Setting,” Canadian Journal Of Agricultural Economics Revue Canadienne D Economie Rurale, 41 (1), 45-59.


Jordan, J. L. E. A. H. (1993) “Willingness to Pay for Improvements in Drinking-Water Quality,” Water Resources Research, 29 (2), 237-245.


Kanninen, B. J. K. B. (1993) “Sensitivity of Willingness-to-Pay Estimates to Bid Design in Dichotomous Choice Valuation Models - Comment,” Land Economics, 69 (2), 199-202.


Green, D. P. (1992) “The Price Elasticity of Mass Preferences,” American Political Science Review, 86 (1), 128-148.


Cooper, J. L. J. (1992) “Sensitivity of Willingness-to-Pay Estimates to Bid Design in Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Models,” Land Economics, 68 (2), 211-224.


Cameron, T. A. (1992) “Combining Contingent Valuation and Travel Cost Data for the Valuation of Nonmarket Goods,” Land Economics, 68 (3), 302-317.


Whittington, D. S. V. K. O. A. O. A. L. J. L. M. A. (1992) “Giving Respondents Time to Think in Contingent Valuation Studies - A Developing-Country Application,” Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 22 (3), 205-225.


Cameron, T. A. H. D. D. (1991) “Referendum Contingent Valuation Estimates - Sensitivity to the Assignment of Offered Values,” Journal Of The American Statistical Association, 86 (416), 910-918.


Halstead, J. M. L. B. E. B. C. M. (1991) “Use of the Tobit-Model in Contingent Valuation - Experimental-Evidence from the Pemigewasset Wilderness Area,” Journal Of Environmental Management, 33 (1), 79-89.