Table 1

Table 1. Typology of trust.

	Non-reflective trust (blind)	R E F L E C T I V E T R U S T (rational)
logic	no logic, irrational	cross-time comparison	top-bottom transfer of trust	cross-case or ideal type (stereotype) comparison
information	information about trustees themselves, "earned" trust"		other kind of information, not about trustees, "unearned trust"
source of trust/information	strong emotions, charisma; tradition;	past performance, trustor’s own experience with trustee	trustee’s affiliation with an already trusted person/institution/organization	qualities, characteristics of a class (type, kind) to which trustee belongs
strength of trust	very strong, alternatives (reasons for distrust) are unimagined	strong, reliable "experience keeps a dear school…"	relatively strong, can be reliable	not so strong

Table 2. Examples of trust types broken by trustees (object of trust).

	Non-reflective trust (blind)	R E F L E C T I V E T R U S T (rational)
	no logic, irrational	cross-time comparison	top-bottom transfer of trust	cross-case or ideal type (stereotype) comparison
person	intimate, familial relations	buyers-sellers networks	person-to-person: written or informal recommendations; institution-to-person: credentials, affiliation.	credit-scoring: applicants’ characteristics are compared with those of others who have defaulted in the past; use of everyday stereotypes in assessing trustworthiness
institution/ organization	royal family, national currency (in stable economies), various professional service organizations – for ex. pharmacies;	currency in economies that recovered from high inflation or devaluation in the past (for ex. Russian ruble before last August crisis)	person-to-institution: TV ads by celebrities, organizations founded by charismatic personas; institution-to- institution: subsidiaries of already established organizations; state is the ultimate source of transferred trust; trusting national currency of foreign economies that you trust;	search of a reliable restaurant in an unfamiliar neighborhood or a foreign country is based both on one’s experiences with restaurants of a similar kind (Chinese or French), and the assessment of whether it "looks" all right – in terms of size, cleanliness, popularity (if all other sources of information – for ex. a friend’s recommendation) are unavailable.

Table 4. Application of the Model to the Empirical Study. The Russian Credit Card Industry.

	Blind Trust	Cross-Time Comparison	Top-Bottom Transfer	Cross-Case Transfer	Substitute for Trust -Anchoring
Russian banks issue credit cards to:	friends and family	long-time "important" clients of the bank	recommendation of family, friends, long-time cardholders; those in high-rank positions and belonging to reputable organizations	ideal clients, low-risk clients are given a privilege; but this kind of trust is too weak to establish a positive relationship; distrust is easier to establish: high-risk groups (students, pensioners, housewives) are suspect	· professional -- in organizations, working collectives · geographical (registration – propiska)
American banks:	unlikely, but possible in smaller community banks	use of credit bureaus information	recommendation of a smaller agent-bank	credit scoring – supplemented by cross-time comparison – is the primary way of issuing cards.	· professional -- in organizations, · geographical --neighborhoods, homeownership, · kinship – nearest relatives not living with the applicant (usually for secured cards).