Appendix I: Identifying the Scholarly Literature
Supplement
to Marc Trachtenberg, The Craft of
International History (
Last revised: January 30, 2013
In Chapter Three of the book, I talked in a general way about how to get a sense for what a particular area of scholarship is like. In this appendix, I’ll discuss some specific sources of bibliographical information and I’ll talk a bit about how some of them can be used. Anyone can use this website, but it will be especially useful for people connected with UCLA. The call numbers are for books in the UCLA library, and some of the links work only from UCLA computers. Since websites die and are redesigned all the time, and since URLs are also always changing, this appendix will be updated about once a year.
Contents of this page:
Bibliographies, Guides and Related Works
Political Science Literature Reviews
Web of Science (Social Science Citation Index),
There is no bibliography—not that I could find, at any rate—that covers the history of international relations as a whole. But for the twentieth century, see: Gordon Martel, ed., A companion to international history 1900-2001 (Oxford There is another general work, however, is still worth looking at, even though it’s by now a little out-of-date:
Byron Dexter, ed., The Foreign Affairs 50-year Bibliography: New Evaluations of Significant Books on International Relations 1920-1970 (New York, R.R. Bowker for the Council on Foreign Relations, 1972). This has relatively lengthy reviews of what at the time of publication were the most important works in this area.
Ref and Powell: Z6461 .F762
Most
general surveys have bibliographies that list the most important works. Two recent books by European scholars are
especially useful in this connection.
Georges-Henri Soutou’s L’Europe de
1815 à nos jours (2007), in the Nouvelle Clio series, begins with a 46-page
bibliography, and Part III of the book provides a fairly detailed discussion of
the historical literature on
For a more comprehensive listing of works, mainly in German, English and French, dealing primarily with international and German politics in the twentieth century, check out the very important bibliography put out as a supplement to the most important German journal in this area, the Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte:
Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Bibliographie zur Zeitgeschichte. This running bibliography was originally published over a two-year cycle but now comes out annually.
Z6205 .B47. cumulative version, including the material that had been listed between 1953 and 1980, was published under the same title (Munich and New York: K.G. Saur, 1982-83). * Z6204 .B59 1982
For recent listings in the Bibliographie zur Zeitgeschichte, you can also use the Institut für Zeitgeschichte’s online catalog. In the first search field, select “Bibliog.z.Zeitgesch.” from the drop-down menu. In the next field put in the reference information and year for the subject you’re interested in; you can see what to put in by looking at their short online guide. This is organized the same way the Bibliographie is. For example, if you’d like to see their listings of material on the Berlin question published in 2007, put in “12dj07”—for category 12 (“Deutsche Geschichte seit 1945”), subcategory d (“Berlin-Problem”), j (for “jahr”), and 07 (2007)—and then click the red search button (“Suchen”).
Or you might want to do a much fuller search in the IfZ’s online catalog by selecting “IfZ-Systematik” from the drop-down menu and then searching for a particular call number, corresponding to a particular category. You can identify the call numbers you want to search for by consulting the IfZ organizational guide; clicking into the general call numbers for broad categories will take you into more specific guides, giving call numbers for particular subjects. You really don’t need much German to use the catalog in this way. Suppose, for example, you’re interested in Franco-German relations in the 1960’s and 1970’s. In the organizational guide, under the general heading “Internationale Beziehungen” (“International Relations”), there’s a heading “Internationale Beziehungen seit 1945” (“International Relations since 1945”), and a subheading there for “Deutsche Außenpolitik seit 1945” (“German foreign policy since 1945”). When you click into the link for the call numbers corresponding to that subheading (x 401-499), you’ll see, in the more detailed listing that turns up, a heading for “Deutsch-französischer Vertrag 1963, Deutsch-französische Zusammenarbeit 1963-” (“Franco-German treaty of 1963, Franco-German cooperation, 1963-”), giving the call number “x 495.” That’s the call number you then do an “IfZ-Systematik” search for in the online guide. That search will yield something like 139 hits, including journal articles and chapters in books. You can, of course, also search by author or title word; the listings for the titles that turn up that way yield IfZ-Systematik call numbers that you can then search for. You can do the standard things with this search engine—for example, limit the search in various ways and save items of interest (by clicking “in Merkliste”) on your list of hits; the “Merkliste” (click tab at top) can then be printed out or saved.
A very good introduction to the new historical literature (with
particular emphasis on
If you’re interested in finding out about relatively minor conflicts, at least in the post-1945 period, you might want to look at:
James Ciment, ed., Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II (Armonk: Sharpe Reference, 1999) Ref D843 .E46 1999. This has relatively brief articles on many conflicts; each article has a brief list of other works bearing on those conflicts.
Most bibliographical or historiographical works deal with either the foreign policy of a single country or with specific topics. By far the largest number of such works relate to American foreign policy:
Michael
Hogan, ed., Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign
Relations to 1941 (
Gerald Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds., American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review (Westport: Greenwood, 1981) E183.7 A56
Gordon Martel, ed., American Foreign Relations Reconsidered, 1890-1993 (New York: Routledge, 1994). E744 .A5327 1994
Robert
Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (
Warren I. Cohen, ed., Pacific Passage: The Study of American-East Asian Relations on the Eve of the Twenty-first century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996) DS518.8 .P336 1996.
Some very useful bibliographies, often dealing with fairly specific issues, are available online. See, for example:
Richard Immerman’s Bibliography on U.S. Diplomatic History, 1918-1975
“Contemporary
China: A Book List” (Lynn White and Valerie
Cropper). 77 pages, with sections
on Sino-American relations,
David Shambaugh, “Bibliographical Essay on New Sources for the Study of China’s Foreign Relations and National Security,” in Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh, eds., Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (1994) (Google Books version; incomplete)
Bibliography on the History of Europe during the East-West Conflict (very well-organized, German-language list)
Robert
Goehlert and Marian Shaaban (
History of European Integration Research Society (HEIRS) (go to links page)
Korean War bibliography (supplements Keith D. McFarland's The Korean War: An Annotated Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1986)
James I. Matray, “Korea's War at 60: A Survey of the Literature,” Cold War History 11, no. 1 (2011)
A Brief Bibliography of the Israel-Palestine Conflict (Mideast Web) (annotated; with links to other more extensive Mideast-related bibliographies)
The Internet and the Bomb: A Research Guide to Policy and Information about Nuclear Weapons (William Arkin and Robert Norris, Natural Resources Defense Council)
NATO Double Track Decision (1979) bibliography. Related material (documents, interviews and so on) is available on the website that this bibliography was be found on: NuclearCrisis.org
Iraq Wars bibliography (Ed Moïse)
Mary Ann Heiss and
Peter L. Hahn, bibliographical essay on U.S.
relations with the Third World (part of their book Empire and Revolution: The
Books page from Nick
Sarantakes’s U.S. Diplomatic
History Resources Index. The Sarantakes website is a very valuable resource
for people in our field. In one part of
the website, in fact, Sarantakes lists a whole series of bibliographies available online
dealing with specific topics relating to international affairs and
The Digital Library of the Zurich-based International Relations and Security Network (ISN) is another very useful website. A search engine allows you to limit your search by subject and region. You can also browse the digital library by subject or by region; particular subjects and regions are broken down into sub-categories (e.g., when you click into the link for “arms control,” you can then click on the link for “arms control history”).
If
you’re interested in the Cold War and can read French, you may want to look
periodically at the “scholarly blog” Recherches récentes sur la guerre
froide based at hypotheses.org and associated with a number of universities
in
Finally, if you are interested in one of the many topics covered by the Digital National Security Archive (described in Appendix II), click the link for “bibliography” on the homepage, then check the title of the collection you’re interested in. The bibliography linked to the Kissinger Transcripts collection, for example, includes 60 titles.
There are also a couple of encyclopedias you might find useful:
Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, 4 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). Ref E183.7 .E53 1997
Alexander DeConde, Richard Dean Burns, and Fredrik Logevall, editors in chief, and Louise B. Ketz, executive editor, Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 2nd ed., 3 vols. (New York: Scribner, 2002). Ref E183.7 .E52 2002
The
first of these, prepared under the auspices of the Council on Foreign
Relations, has relatively brief articles on a wide range of topics. The second has longer articles on a number of
subjects related to international politics, not just
Don’t
forget that if your library uses the Library of Congress cataloguing system (as
most research libraries nowadays do) you can find books dealing with
To
find bibliographies dealing with the foreign relations of countries other than
the
Sadao
Asada, ed.,
Thomas Hammond, Soviet Foreign Relations and World Communism: A Selected Annotated Bibliography of 7,000 books in 30 languages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965). Z2517.R4 H18
William
E. Echard, Foreign Policy of the French
Andrew R. Carlson, German Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, and Colonial Policy to 1914: A Handbook and Annotated Bibliography (Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1970). Z2247.R4 C19
Abraham
J. Edelheit and Hershel Edelheit, The Rise and Fall of the
Donna Evleth, France under the German Occupation, 1940-1944: An Annotated Bibliography (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991). Z6207.W8 E84 1991
There is also an important series of guides—the “Guides to European Diplomatic History Research and Research Materials”—covering the interwar period, or more precisely the period from 1918 to 1945. These works discuss both primary and secondary sources, and although some of them are getting a little out-of-date, practically all of them are still worth looking at:
Robert H. Johnston, Soviet Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1991)
Sidney Aster, British Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984)
George W. Baer, International Organizations, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1981).
Alan Cassels, Italian Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources,1981).
Christoph M. Kimmich, German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1981).
Robert J. Young, French Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1981).
There are also a number of useful guides dealing with particular subjects. These can often be found by doing a title search for a particular phrase (like “Cold War”) and, simultaneously, for a word like “guide,” “bibliography” or “survey.” Or they can be found by tacking on the word “bibliography” to a specific subject heading and then doing a subject search, perhaps adding it as a separate search term. Here are some examples of bibliographies that turn up in this way:
Michael
Kort, The
J.L. Black, Origins, Evolution, and Nature of the Cold War: An Annotated Bibliographic Guide (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1986) Z6465.U5 B53 1986
Sino-Soviet
Conflict: A Historical Bibliography
(
Ronald M. DeVore, The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Historical, Political, Social & Military Bibliography (Santa Barbara: Clio, 1976) Z3479.R4 D49
The
James S. Olson, ed. The Vietnam War: Handbook of the Literature and Research (Westport: Greenwood, 1993). Ref DS558 .V58 1993
David
L. Anderson, The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War (
Lester
H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,
If you’re interested in the Vietnam War, there’s a very good bibliography available online:
Edwin E. Moïse’s Vietnam War Bibliography
And if you’re interested in the Cold War, you might want to look at the list available on the Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact's website:
Parallel History Project, Selective Bibliography on the Cold War Alliances
Sometimes you find useful guides in usual places. See, for example, “Sources for Research on European Security,” in David S. Yost, ed., NATO's Strategic Options: Arms Control and Defense (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981), pp. 230-247.
There’s
also a series of guides that you might find useful for some purposes: the International
Relations Information Guide series put out by Gale in the late 1970s and
early 1980s. These guides dealt with
particular areas of the world and with some specific questions. Here are some of the titles:
John
J. Finan and John Child,
Richard
J. Kozicki, International Relations of
J. Bryan Collester, The European Communities: A Guide to Information Sources (Detroit: Gale, 1979).
Mark R. Amstutz, Economics and Foreign Policy: A Guide to Information Sources (Detroit: Gale, 1977).
Alexine L. Atherton, International Organizations: A Guide to Information Sources (Detroit: Gale, 1976).
David
Armstrong, ed., Routledge handbook of
international law (
Even
though these books are a bit out-of-date by now, you might be able to use them
to find more recent works of this sort in these areas. Just look them up in your
library’s catalogue, then click into the links for the subject headings they’re
listed under. For example, in the MELVYL catalogue, the union catalogue for the
G.
Pope Atkins, Handbook of Research on the International Relations of Latin
America and the Caribbean (
There are two general areas that have their own literature—military affairs and intelligence—and various guides can help you find your way around those literatures. See, for example:
Richard Holmes, ed., Oxford Companion to Military History (2004) (available online through subscribing libraries; if you’re at UCLA, click here and click on link on the page that turns up)
John W. Chambers et al., eds.,
For
works on
Daniel K. Blewett , American Military History: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources (Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 1995).
Susan
Kinnell, Military History of the
Robin
Higham, ed. Guide to the sources of
There’s also a very good list of important works in this area available online:
Eliot Cohen’s Strategic Studies Core Readings (2004)
Note also Neufeld, Schaffel and Shermer, “Guide to Air Force Historical Literature, 1943-1983” (258 pp., 1983); released via mandatory declassification review; contains listings of internal Air Force histories, many based on classified material.
You might also want to take a look at the strategic studies bibliography on the Institut de Stratégie Comparée website.
Note
also the more than twenty bibliographies that have come out as part of Garland
Publishing’s Wars of the
Benjamin Beede, Intervention and Counterinsurgency: An Annotated Bibliography of the Small Wars
of the
Dwight L. Smith, The War of 1812: An Annotated Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1985). Z1240 .S65 1985
Anne Cipriano Venzon, The Spanish-American War: An Annotated Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1990). Z1243 .V45 1990
David
R. Woodward and Robert F. Maddox,
D769.E8 W67 1985
John
J. Sbrega, The War against
Keith D. McFarland, The Korean War, an Annotated Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1986). Z3319.K6 M38 1986
Louis
A. Peake, The
U.S. Army War College bibliographies (American military history, peacekeeping, irregular warfare, etc.)
Bibliographies on military websites (see bottom of page)
On intelligence matters, you might want to take a look at some of the following references:
Loch
K. Johnson, ed., Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence
(
The U.S. Intelligence Community: Information Resources (Columbia University Library; lists important works plus bibliographies dealing with the subject)
Mark
M. Lowenthal, The
Neal H. Petersen, American Intelligence, 1775-1990: A Bibliographical Guide (Claremont: Regina Books, 1992). Ref Z6724.I7 P48 1992
James D. Calder, Intelligence, Espionage and Related Topics: An Annotated Bibliography of Serial, Journal, and Magazine Scholarship, 1844-1998 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999).
Literature of Intelligence: A
Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments (J. Ransom
Intelligence Literature (CIA)
Intelligence
and Policy-Making: A Bibliography (Greta Marlatt, Naval
Scholars’ Guide to Intelligence Literature: A Bibliography of the Russell J. Bowen Collection in the Joseph Mark Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, ed. Marjorie W. Cline et al. (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America for the National Intelligence Study Center, 1983) Z6724.I7 S6
Diplomacy,
International Affairs, & Intelligence (
International Intelligence History Association
Loyola Homepage on Strategic Intelligence
Bibliography of the John E. Taylor collection (books about espionage and intelligence)
Intelligence:
History and Role in American Society (Janet Seymour,
If you’re interested in this subject, be sure to check out the material on the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence website. If you click into the link for “publications” you'll get some very good material, including some original documents. Much of this material is available on pdf and can be easily downloaded and printed out. Note that some CSI material is not put online, but that you can get it by asking them to send you a hard copy. (See David Kaplan, “At the CIA, What Gets Put Online—and What Doesn’t,” USNews.com, January 22, 2006). You can also ask to be put on the mailing list for the CSI's Bulletin, which has a lot of interesting information. Just call the CSI at (703) 613-1751.
Finally, if you
would like to learn about the political science literature in the whole
international relations area, there are a number of guides you should know
about. One important source is:
Ira Katznelson and Helen Milner, eds., Political
Science: The State of the Discipline (
This volume has five articles dealing with the
international relations literature, some of which refer to the reader to other
review articles. The APSA has actually
published a series of volumes on The State of the Discipline, all of
which contain review articles. Note
also:
Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth Simmons, eds.,
Handbook of International Relations (
Ted Robert Gurr, ed., Handbook of Political
Conflict: Theory and Research (New
York: Free Press, 1980)
Manus Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies
II (
Philip Tetlock, Jo Husbands, Robert Jervis, Paul
Stern, and Charles Tilly, eds., Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War and Behavior,
Society, and International Conflict, 3 vols. (New York:
Oxford University Press for the National Research Council of the
National Academy of Sciences, 1989-1993)
Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, and Richard
Langhorne, eds., Guide to international
relations and diplomacy (
Chad M. Kahl, International
relations, international security, and comparative politics: a guide to
reference and information sources (
Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, eds., The
Judith L.Goldstein and Richard H. Steinberg, eds., International institutions (London Brenda J. Lutz and James M. Lutz, eds., Global terrorism (Los Angeles Adam Jones, ed., Genocide (Los Angeles Ronald B. Mitchell, ed., International environmental politics (London Daniel Druckman and Paul F. Diehl, eds., Conflict resolution (London Paul F. Diehl, ed., War (London Christer Jonsson and Richard Langhorne, eds., Diplomacy (London The Annual Review of
Political Science (available online through the UCLA library) contains
many survey articles covering the international relations literature—for
example, James Fearon’s article on “Domestic
Politics, Foreign Policy, and Theories of International Relations,” which
appeared in the Annual Review in 1998.
There are in addition many volumes in which leading
practitioners present their views about various subfields—about what’s been
accomplished lately, about problems they see with the work that’s currently
being done, and about where the field is going.
The articles in those volumes often cite what are considered the more
important works in that particular area. For some recent examples of this
genre, see Michael Brecher and Frank Harvey, eds., Millenial Reflections on
International Studies (2002) [JZ1305 M55 2002]; A.J.R. Groom and Margot
Light, eds., Contemporary International Relations: A Guide to Theory
(1994) [JX1391 C662 1994]; Edward Mansfield and Richard Sisson, eds., The
Evolution of Political Knowledge (2004); and Ken Booth and Steve Smith,
eds., International Relations Theory Today (1995). Susan Strange’s article in that latter volume
on “Political Economy and International Relations,” is a particularly good case
in point. This is exactly the sort of
article you would want to read if you were new to the field and wanted to
develop a certain sense for what work in International Political Economy [IPE]
was like. There are also a number of
books in which a single author surveys the whole field of international
relations; chapters in such books often deal with particular subfields. For a very good recent book of this sort, see
Chris Brown, Understanding International Relations, second edition
(2001). At the end of each chapter are
suggestions for further reading. Scholarly journals sometimes have special
issues devoted to this sort of stock-taking:
see, for example, “International Organization at Fifty: Exploration and
Contestation in the Study of World Politics,” International Organization,
52:4 (Autumn 1998).
Collections of readings (published mainly for
undergraduates) can also provide useful entrees in particular fields of
scholarship. Note, for example, John
Baylis and James Wirtz, eds., Strategy in the Contemporary World: An
Introduction to Strategic Studies (2002).
The articles here (on topics like terrorism) will help you get started
if you know nothing about the subject; they all have short lists of works on
the subject they cover. A few
collections of readings dealing with IPE are listed at the start of the Higgott
article on “International Political Economy” in the Groom and Light book I just
cited; in that passage, a few major texts dealing with the subject are also
listed. Chris Brown, in the book I just cited, also lists a number of
collections of this sort in his end-of-chapter suggestions for further reading.
For a somewhat older compilation of the many edited volumes in this area (in
which the readings each volume contains are also listed), see Dorothy LaBarr
and J. David Singer, The Study of International Politics: A Guide to the
Sources for the Student, Teacher, and Researcher (1976), pp. 28-78 [Z6461 L113s].
If you’re interested in political economy, by the way,
you might want to take a look at Barry Weingast and Donald Wittman, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy (New
York: Oxford University Press, 2008) (available online through MELVYL).
Let
me begin here by listing some important journals you might want to examine when
you’re starting a research project in this field. This list includes both history and political
science journals. This list is of course
very short. Most of the important
journals are available electronically—I’ll give you the links for those I’m
listing here—and more extensive lists of journals in this area accessible in
this way (generally through subscribing libraries) are available online. See, for example, the
Diplomacy and
Statecraft
Diplomatic History. Regularly carries survey-of-the-literature review articles.
Foreign Affairs. Basically a policy journal but with a regular section on “recent books on international relations.” The “books and reviews” section of this journal’s website has links to lists of both capsule and longer book reviews; the lists that turn up can be limited by date, region, and topic.
Francia (emphasis on
Perspectivia.net: 1973 - present
Historical Journal. Very broad coverage, but has quite a few review articles relate to international politics.
Cambridge University Press website: 1958 -
Intelligence and National Security
International Affairs (
International History Review
International Journal of Intelligence and
Counterintelligence
International Organization
Cambridge University Press: 1947 to present
International Security
International Security webpage (for current issue)
Teresa
Johnson, “Writing for International Security: A Contributor’s Guide”
International Studies Quarterly
Journal of American-East
Asian Relations
Journal of Cold War
Studies
Journal of Contemporary
History
Journal of European Integration History
JEIH website (index and pdf’s of all issues)
Journal of Military
History (formerly Military
Affairs). Has a section on “recent
journal articles.”
Journal of Strategic
Studies
Relations internationales (1974 -
)
CAIRN (contents
for issues from 2005 on; some links to full text; all post-2005 articles freely
available here after five years)
PUF website (list of
issues, most of which deal with a particular theme; click a particular issue
for list of articles and abstracts). According to the information posted here,
all issues for the period up to 2000 are in principle available on Proquest
Periodicals Archive Online.
Revue
d’histoire diplomatique
List
of articles published in this journal relating to the Cold War (1982-2010)
Security Studies
Vierteljahrshefte für
Zeitgeschichte
1953-2006; 2005- (no link from MELVYL,
but you can get all issues from the journal directly; no subscription required;
slow download)
World Politics
There are, of course, many other journals that carry articles of interest to people working on international affairs. Not only are there general journals (like the American Political Science Review) that publish articles on international politics, but there is a large periodical literature devoted to all kinds of specialized questions even in this area. One guide to intelligence periodicals, for example, describes about 150 intelligence and intelligence-related journals:
Hayden B. Peake, The Reader's Guide to Intelligence Periodicals (Washington: NIBC Press, 1992).
But when you’re trying to find your way around a field, you can’t read everything, and it’s best to start with the handful of periodicals most likely to give you what you need.
You can also use various search engines to find out about which journal articles that have been published on a particular subject—and indeed which articles are particularly important. I’ll talk here about three in particular: the Social Science Citation Index (part of the Web of Science); the Expanded Academic ASAP; and JSTOR. These are subscription services, but you can generally get access to those search engines through your university library’s website. You can also use publicly available search engines like Google to do work of this sort. But I’ll talk about that not here but in Chapter Six of the book.
Web of Science (including the Social Sciences Citation Index [SSCI]): This search engine is a lot of fun to use once you get the hang of it. It allows you, first, to identify articles relating to topics you’re interested in, and then, using those articles as a kind of base, it allows you to “spread out” and identify related works. You “spread out” by going both up and down. First, once you identify a particular article, you can see quickly which works that article cites in its footnotes. But you can also go the other way and see which articles in the SSCI database cite the particular article you’ve started out with. You can then do the same thing with the new articles you’ve identified, again spreading out in both directions. In that way you can generate a “web of citations,” and in the course of doing so, you develop a certain feel for that particular area of scholarship. You see which articles and authors are cited a lot, which journals are important, and so on.
How do you use the SSCI? The link I just gave you takes you into the basic search page. The first thing you should do is choose which database (or databases) you want to search in by checking (or really unchecking) one or more of them on the bottom of the page. Since no one can quite decide whether history is a social science or one of the humanities, if you’re searching for a topic that has a certain historical dimension, you should probably check the boxes for “Social Sciences Citation Index” and “Arts and Humanities Citation Index,” but leave “Science Citation Index Expanded” unchecked.
You can then search, for example, for works by a particular author (in which case you normally give the last name, followed by first initial and an asterisk). Just choose “author” from the drop-down menu. Or you can do a title or a topic search; a topic search is somewhat broader. To search for a phrase, put it in quotation marks. Then click the search button. A results page turns up; you’re allowed there to refine the results in various ways. The listings you end up with can be sorted in various ways—for example, by number of times cited. You can save whatever listings interest you to a marked list, and you can click into the title of each of those listings to see the full record for each article (or book review). When you do, you’ll see which other articles have cited it; you can click into the links for those articles and add them to your marked list. By clicking the link next to “References” in the full record for an article, you can see what sources were cited in that article, and then, by clicking “Find Related Records,” you can generate a list of other articles in the database that have cited at least one of the same sources. Those listings can of course also be saved to your marked list. The orange icon for “UC e-Links” on the results pages and elsewhere will enable you to locate a copy of that article in the UCLA library, and perhaps call it up on your computer screen, very quickly.
I should note that when you click into the link next to “Times Cited,” you’ll get a list of just some of the places where the article in question has been cited. If you’d like to see a more complete list, or if you just have a particular article that you’re interested in, you can click into the “Cited Reference Search” link near the top of the search page (or of the results page) and then searching for that particular article. On the page that turns up when you do this search, click the boxes that correspond to the article you’re interested in (or click “Select All”), then click the “Finish Search” box. This generates another results page, which you can work with in the usual way.
Those
are the basics, but there’s a lot more you can do with this search engine. When you do a topic or title search, for example,
you could use Boolean
operators and wildcards
like the asterisk (to catch word variants—i.e., “
With the ProQuest search engine you can search up to 48 databases with just a single click of the mouse. The search engine is very easy to use, and it is often also easy to get full-text versions of items you’re interested.
You can also identify articles dealing with a particular topic by using Google Scholar. Just enter a term in the search field (e.g., “relative gains”) and run the search. A number of articles are listed, along with links to other articles and unpublished papers in which those articles were cited. Many of these works are available here in full-text versions. This is by no means a substitute for the SSCI, but you might want to use it as a supplement.
JSTOR: JSTOR is the most important electronic archive for scholarly journals. People use it mainly to read specific articles they’ve already identified, articles that were published in one of the JSTOR journals. But you can also use it to identify articles dealing with particular topics. It has a very simple search engine. You can search in particular journals or in, say, just history or just political science journals (or both). You can search by author or by title (meaning by words or phrase in a title), and you can also do a full-text search. The search engine allows you to do all kinds of things. Suppose, for example, you wanted to see what leading political scientists had to say about the relative gains issue. You could begin by trying to see what Robert Jervis had to say about this issue. So you type “Jervis” in the author field and “relative gains” (with the quotation marks) in the full-text field. A number of listings turn up. Then, when you click into the link for a particular article, you’ll see a line just above the text of the article that says something like: “Your search term(s) occur 17 time(s) in this item.” That’s followed by a link that takes you to the pages that contain your search term.
It’s important to develop a certain familiarity with those three general search engines. By knowing how to use them, you will be able to identify articles in any area of scholarship you happen to be interested in. But there are more narrowly framed search engines you might also want to use for some purposes. CIAO (Columbia International Affairs Online) is a subscription service, available through many research libraries. It allows you to search for scholarly works dealing with a specific topic. The editors control what gets included in the CIAO database, so not everything is included here. But the CIAO database includes things (like working papers) you can’t get elsewhere, and much of what turns up in a CIAO search is available in full-text format. Finally, if you are interested in the French periodical literature, you might want to take a look at the Persée search engine and the CAIRN website. Persée covers a relatively small number of periodicals of interest to people in our field (Cahiers du monde russe, Politique étrangère, Revue des études slaves, Vingtième Siècle and one or two others), but the listings its search engine generates are often linked to the full texts of the items that turn up.
In
fact, there are a number of websites that you can look at if you’re interested
in certain specific issues. Charles
Lipson lists a number of them on his website:
YaleGlobal Online
(globalization); University
of Minnesota Human Rights Library; Federation of American Scientists
websites on such issues as Terrorism
and WMD; and various websites related to issues like nuclear
nonproliferation and international political economy. Lipson also has a page of his own, loaded
with links, devoted to questions relating to the Middle East (including
terrorism issues). On terrorism, see
also the Chicago Project on
Security and Terrorism (CPOST) website.
On nuclear
issues, you might to check out the website of the Project on Nuclear Issues
of the Center for Strategic and International Studies; note especially
their Reference Desk—this
has a whole series of links to websites dealing with nuclear questions. Note also the Nuclear Proliferation
International History Project (
Note, incidentally, that to manage the references you generate—to organize the material you’ve downloaded and cite that material correctly when you’re writing something up—it would make sense to buy a program like EndNote. (That’s the one that works with the UCLA Library catalog.) For a little guide I wrote about how to use EndNote6, click here.
Dissertations as a rule have excellent bibliographies and lists of sources, so getting hold of a good one allows you to save a lot of time when you’re doing bibliographical work. And dissertations, as it turns out, are easy to identify and easy to get hold of.
To identify them, you now have to use the Dissertations & Theses page on ProQuest search engine. In the first field, select either “Document title” or, for more hits, select “abstract.” Then put in the terms you’d like to search for, combining them with various operators (described in the link on the top right of the search page called “search tips”). For example, suppose you’re interested in the Sino-Soviet split. You can use a term like:
((sino-soviet) OR (soviet W/4 chin*)) AND (dispute OR conflict OR split)
The asterisk enables you to capture variant words (e.g., “Chinese” as well as “China”), and the “W/4” enables you to identify text where words like “Soviet” and “Chinese” are within four words of each other. You can limit the search in various ways (e.g., limiting it to international relations dissertations by selecting “international relations” from the “Look up subjects” list). The listings contain a good deal of information about the specific dissertations that turn up in the search. Most dissertations are now immediately downloadable free of charge; just click the “Full Text – PDF” link. (Your university has to be a subscriber, and you may have to use a computer on campus, or use the proxy server.) You can also set up an alert to be notified of new results for your search as they become available.
You can often get a good sense for what a particular area of scholarship is like by looking at syllabi that have been prepared for courses in that area. A syllabus will list what the instructor considers to be the most important works in the field, or at least the relatively small number of works that students new to the field should read. If you read a series of syllabi, you’ll also notice that the same works tend to get listed over and over again—and this, of course, gives you a certain sense for what is considered important in the field.
Syllabi
are not hard to get hold of nowadays.
Quite a few of them are available online. To save you a bit of trouble, I put a number
of good (mostly political science) syllabi online and provided links to a
number of others. For that list, which
also provides some advice about finding both history
and political science syllabi, click here. It also has links to a number of collections
of syllabi (for both history and political science courses) available online,
to a couple of Ph.D. exam reading lists in international relations (for Yale
and the
Charles F. Hermann and Kenneth N. Waltz, editors and compilers, Basic Courses in Foreign Policy: An Anthology of Syllabi (1970)
It’s always interesting to see what people think of the books you’ve read, are reading, or even are just thinking of reading. And it’s not hard to locate book reviews and get access to them electronically.
To get reviews of scholarly and semi-scholarly books, you can use some common computerized search engines, including three I’ve talked about before. Here’s how to use them for this purpose.
To find book reviews published in a JSTOR journal: first, go into the JSTOR advanced search window, put a phrase from the title (in quotation marks) in the “full text” field, put the name of the book’s author in the “author” field, check the box for “review,” then click “search.” You can also limit your search to journals in a particular discipline or even to a single journal.
The third search engine you can use is the Book Reviews Index Plus. (This seems to be a vestige of the old Expanded Academic ASAP/Infotrac which is apparently no longer available.) It includes reviews published in many non-academic periodicals, and often has direct links to pdf’s of the reviews themselves.) The search engine is very straightforward:. using the drop-down menus, select first “author” then “title” and type in the appropriate information.
You can also use the Web of Science to find book reviews. In the basic search window, in the topic field, type in the (short) title (in quotation marks) of the book you’re interested in plus the last name of the author (for example: “Strategies of Containment” Gaddis). Then click “search.”
For less scholarly reviews, various online sources are listed in AcqWeb's Directory of Book Reviews on the Web. This has links to such sources as The Atlantic, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times Book Review, Washington Post Book World, The Los Angeles Times Book Review, The London Review of Books, The Washington Monthly, The Boston Review, Le Monde - Livres, and so on. For some widely-read books, you can also use the Complete Review website. This has links to reviews of those books that have appeared in the mainstream media. For example, the page on Adam Tooze’s Wages of Destruction has links to six online newspaper reviews of that book.
For German book reviews, these two websites might be useful: VfZ Rezensionen (links to reviews in the Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte by year, 2004-2010) and Sehepunkte (search engine) (VfZ reviews, on Sehepunkte website).
VI. H-Diplo and H-Net: You can also search for reviews posted on one of the h-net historians’ email discussion groups by using the h-net reviews search engine. Just go into that link and type in the author’s last name and the title of the book in the corresponding fields under “bibliographic data.” But a particular book might be discussed in one of the h-net groups in a more informal way. To see if it’s been discussed, you can search for that title on the general h-net advanced search page. You should probably choose to search by phrase (rather than by keyword). You can limit the search by particular discussion list (you could select H-Diplo, for example) and also by date. You can search either in the whole text or in the subject line. Alternatively, you can click into “H-Diplo Book Reviews” (listed there alphabetically by author’s last name) and “H-Diplo Roundtables” (discussions on what were considered the most important books, and also on some articles). What turns up is often quite interesting.
H-Diplo, I should also note in this context, regularly publishes discussions of articles published in the main journals in the field. Some of them, like the discussion of Eduard Mark’s article on “The War Scare of 1946 and Its Consequences” (Diplomatic History, vol. 21, no. 3, summer 1997), are of quite extraordinary interest. To view a particular thread of this sort, go into the general h-net advanced search page, type in (in quotation marks) a key phrase from the title (e.g., “War Scare of 1946”), select “phrase” and then “h-diplo” as the list to be searched in, select “subject line” as the search field, and then click “search.” Or you can use the list of article reviews on the h-diplo website.
For general information about H-Diplo, click here. For monthly logs of H-Diplo posts, click here. For posting instructions, click here. Another thing you should know about is the H-Diplo/ISSF Series on International Security Studies. The ISSF—the International Security Studies Forum—is a partnership between the International Studies Association’s Security Studies Section and three major scholarly journals in the field. The H-Diplo/ISSF series will include “roundtable book reviews, article reviews, and essays on recent research in the field of international security studies.” This project began in early 2010 and a number of interesting items have appeared already.
VII. Videos: There’s one last thing you might want to do when you’re trying to get a feel for what a given area of scholarship is like. You can actually watch or listen to people giving talks on some subject you’re interested in. In some cases, those people are prominent scholars—people whose books and articles you might already be familiar with—and seeing them in action will give you a much stronger sense for what’s distinctive about their approach to the subject. Listening or better yet watching these talks, it’s as though a whole new dimension of meaning opens up: people express themselves quite freely when they’re talking informally (whereas in written work, they tend to be more guarded), and both tone of voice and body language can also be quite revealing. This sort of source is particularly useful if you are dealing with some contemporary topic. Here are links to some of the more interesting sources of this sort:
UChannel:
“videos of academic lectures and events,” mostly from major
Hertog
Global Strategy Initiative (
MIT World: under “Channels,” you can check the listings for events sponsored by the Center for International Studies or the Political Science Department. Or you can search for a particular topic, like “Iran” or “North Korea.”
Council on Foreign Relations. Lectures, interviews, and panel discussions, on contemporary issues. Transcripts, audios, and videos.
Foreign Policy Research Institute: links to videos of recent talks; audio versions are also available
London School
of Economics podcasts and videos (LSE
on iTunes)
Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
(Stanford) (iTunes)
Various online courses, including videos of
lectures, are available (for both history, political science, and other fields)
at http://www.saylor.org/. Many courses are also available on the MIT
OpenCourseware website: http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm, some of
which have lectures that you can watch or listen to (http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/audio-video-courses/).