COURSE OUTLINE

A) Geographic boundaries and features

B) The major routes through the Armenian plateau

C) Topography, climate, soil, resources

D) The great watershed:

• Araxes
• Tigris
• Euphrates
• Chorokh
• Kur
• Halys

E) The inner lakes:

• Van
• Urmia
• Sevan

F) The outer seas:

• Caspian
• Black
• Mediterranean

G) Mountian chains:

• Taurus
• Anti-Taurus
• Pontus
• Caucasus
• Armenian
• Ararat

H) Historic regions and cities:

• Armenia Major (Greater Armenia)
• Armenia Minor (Lesser Armenia)
• Sophena
• Ervandashat
• Artashat.
• Thuspa
• Erebuni
• (Erevan)

I) Neighboring regions:

• Mesopotamia
• Assyria
• Athropatene
• Gordyene
• Iranian plateau
• Commagene
• Pontus
• Phrygia

J) Neighboring cities:

• Nineveh
• Babylon
• Persepolis
• Ecbatana
• Antioch
• Caesarea
• Sebastea
• Trebizond

A. Life on the Plateau in prehistoric times

B. Archaeology and recent discoveries

C. Society through the paleolithic, neolithic, bronze, and iron ages

D. The epic origins of the Armenians

1. Terms:

• Noah
• Japeth
• Torgom
• HaikBellus
• "hai" "Hayastan"
• "haikazian"
• Aram
• Ara
• Semiramus
• Ervand (Orontes)

2. The primary history of Movses of Khoren

3. The historical foundations in the epic

E. The rediscovery of Herodotus, Strabo, and the Balkan- Phrygian version

F.  Philological studies and the determination of Armenian as an Indo-European language: The Indo-European migrations

G.  Revisions based on archaeology, decipherment, and circum-stantial evidence

H.  The theory of multiple migrations. The Hayasa and the Arme-Shupria

I.  The emergence of Urartu

• Hittite
• Assyria
• Mitanni
• Hurrian
• Assur
• Nairi
• Tushpa/Tosp
• Biaini/Van
• Urartu/Ararat
• Urme
• Arme-Shupria
• Arimi/Armen
• Erebuni
• Argishtikhinili
• Masasir
• Teishebaini
• Khaldi
• Teisheba
• Medes
• Cyarxes
• Orontes/Ervand

A. Urartu in theories of origin of Armenians

B. Assyrians-Hurrians; North-South

C. Indo-Europeans from West: Arimi and Arme-Shupria

D. Urartu in 13th century B.C.

E. Nairi confederation in inscriptions of Tiglath-Pilesar

F. Aram vs. Shalamaneser III

G. Urartian decipherment: Schultz, Layard, Lehmann-Haupt, Piotrovsky

H. Sarduri and Tushpa (Tosp)

I. Menua and Biaini (Van): to Urme: Taik; Sevan

J. Argisti and Argishtikhinili and Erebuni (786): Height of Expansions

K. Troubles in Arme-Shurpria

L. Revival in Assyria: Tiglath-Pilesar III

M. Rusa and Sargon II: 714 sack of Musasir and Tushpa

N. Cimmers and Scythians

O. Argishti and Rusa II, 713-645: a time of revival: Teishebaini

P. Decline of the old kingdoms, 645-590 B.C.: Nineveh, 612, Tushpa, 590

Q. The Medes under Cyaxares

R. Ascendancy of the Armenians: Role of Paruir in the Epic

S. The Urartian heritage: culture, religion, economics, government, ethnic

A. Empire of the Medes (Maristan): Ecbatana

B. Movses of Khoren's information

C. Baruir, Ervand, Tigran: Allies or Subjects?

D. The Ervanduni family

E. Cyrus the Achaemenian, Tigran the Armenian, and downfall of the Medes

F. Achaemenid Persia:

G. Evrand's participation in the campaigns of Cyrus: Movses and Xenophon

H. Change of status reflected in the Armenian epic

I. The period of dynastic conflict and rebellions against Darius, 522-520

J. The Behistun (Kermanshah) inscriptions: Armina

K. The Armenian Satraps: Herodotus as a source: The Alarod (Urartians?)

L.      Xenophon and the March of the Ten Thousand, 401-400 B.C.: Ervand/Orontes

M. Aspects of Armenian society and religion: Tork, Angegh, Vahagn, and newer dieties: Aramazd, Anahit: Armeno-Persian bonds.

A. The Macedonian expansion

B. Alexander's campaigns

C. Alexander and Persia: The battle of Gaugemela (Near Arbela), 331 B.C.

Persepolis: fall of Achaemenid Empire and end of Haikian dynasty

(per Movses of Khoren)

D. What happened to Ervand?

E. Division of Alexander's Empire: The Seleucids, Ptolemy, Antigonis

F. Hellenism in Armenia: Lesser Armenia, Sophena, Greater Armenia

G. The Hellenized Princes of Sophena: Samos, Arsames (Arsham), Xerxes: 3rd century B.C.

H. Selucid expansion and the rise of strategos Zareh/Zariadris

I. The Ervandians/Orontids of Greater Armenia: Armavir

J. Ervandashat and Bagaran: 3rd century B.C.

K. Fall of the Ervandians and rise of Strategos Artashes/Artaxias

A. Rome in the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor

B. The Seleucid rnsponse under Antiochus III: Hannabal, the Battle of  Magnesia (190 B.C.) and the Peace of Apamca (188)

C. Opportunity for Armenian kingship: Artashes and Zareh, their lineage

D. Strabo as a source

E. Artashes/Artaxias (189-160): expansion, reform, Hellenism, urbanism

F. Artashat/Artaxata

G. Artashes in the primary epic

H. Seleucid revival under Antiochus IV (175-163): the Sophena problem: Armenian and Cappadocian candidates

I. End of the reign 160 B.C.? and Movses of Khoren

J. The Question of succession: Artavazd, Tiran, Tigran I, ca. 160-95 B.C.

K. The shifting power structure: Pontus (Mithridates), Parthia, (Arshak/Arsaces, 247 and Mithridates, (171-138)

L. Mithridates II of Parthia, 123-87 B.C. and the hostage, Tigran the Armenian

A. Conditions condustive for expansion

B. Tigran in Roman sources: reappraisals

C. Armenia and Parthia: The seventy valleys

D. Incorporation of Sophena, 94 B.C.

E. Pontus under Mithridates VI Eupator (111-63 B.C.) The Armenian alliance and marriage.

F. Conflict over Lesser Armenia and Cappadocia: The Roman Wars of Mithridates VI and the role of Sulla

G. Armenian Expansion

 87-85: Seventy valleys; Atropatene, Ecbatana, Gordyene,  Nineveh, Nisibis (Mdsbin), , Edessa (Urha, Urfa)

Northward, 85-84: Iberia and Caucasian Albania

Westward, 84-88: Commagene, Antioch, Cilicia, Phoenecia

H.  the third capital, Tigranocerta (Tigranakert)

I. Conflict with Rome: The Roman Wars of Mithridates VI, 83-71

J. The envy of Lucullus: Appius Claudius

K. Tigran in Ptolemais (Acre) and Galilee, 70-69 B.C.

L. Lucullus surprise campaign against Sophena and Tigranocerta

M. The siege and battle of Tigranocerta, October, 69 B.C. The sources

N. Armeno-Pontic restitution, 69-67

O. The treachery of Tigran the Younger and his bond with Phraates III of Parthia (70-57)

P. The policies and campaigns of Pompey: The Peace of Artashat/Artaxata, 66 B.C. and loss of Phoenicia, Assyria, Cilicia, Commagene

Q.  Tigran the Younger in Sophena and in Rome

R. Death of Mithridates Eupator (ca. 63 B.C.) and Tigran's waning years in the new power structure, 65-55 B.C.)

S. Armenian society in the reign of Tigran/Tigranes

A. Artavazd II (55-34 B. C.)

1. The "gentle king" in the Roman-Parthian wedge- the Armenian problem

2. Marcus Crassus and the Parthian campaign

3. Artavazd's Proposals to Crassus

4. The Roman defeat at Carrhae (near Edessa), May 53 B.C.

5. Armeno-Parthian alliance: Assyria, Phoenicia, Judea liberated

6. Sophena restored to Greater Armenia

7. Roman Civil War: fill of Pompey and preparations of Octavian

8. Assassination of Julius Caesar and the Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Lapidus, Marcus Antonius

9. Antony and Cleopatra in Tarsus (Cilicia)

10. Antony's Parthian campaign and Artavasd's role

11. Antony's defeat and withdrawal to Armenia: The Roman view of Artavazd

12. Antony's Armenian Campaign: 34 B.C.: Captivity and death of Artavazd

13. The Battle of Actium 31 B.C. and deaths of Antony and Cleopatra

B.  Artashes 11 (31-20 B.C.) and the policies of Augustus (Octavian) (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)

C.  Tigran III (20-30), the Roman Candidate

D.  Tigran IV and Erato, 8-5 and the Eastern Orientation

E.  Artavazd III, ca 5-2 B.C.

F.  Tigran IV and Erato, 2 BC- 1 AD.-

G.  Artzvazd IV (4-6 A.D.)

H.  Tigran V and Erato (ca. 6-14 A.D.)

A. Augustus's use of "legal" dynasts for Armenia

B. Tiberius (14-37) and the Armenian realm of Zenon-Artashes (18-34)

C. The Roman challenge and Roman-Parthian Treaty of 37 A.D.

D. Armenia in the policies of Gaius Caligula (Little Boots) and Claudius (37-54)

E. Mithridates and Rhadimis as the Iberian (Georgian) "legal" kings of Armenia, (47-54)

A. Deposition of Rhadimis by Armenian forces led by Trdat/Tiridates, the brother of King Vagharsh of Parthia

B. Nero (54-68) and the campaigns of Corbulo 55-59

C. Tiridates recognized as King of Armenia by Parthia, 61.

D. The Armeno-Parthian triumph at Rhandeia and the Rhandeia settlement, 62-64

E. Trdat/Tiridates I: Journey to Rome and coronation by Nero, 65-66

F. The formal reign of Tiridates 1 (66-88) and his successor Sanadruk (88-110)

G. Armenia in the policies of Nero's successors, the three Flavian emperors, (69-96)

A. Shift of Roman policies under Trajan (Marcus Trianus)

B. Trajan's Eastern campaign, 114-117

C. Armenian restoration under Vagharsh/Vologases I (117-140) and the return to Flavian policies by Hadrian

D. Lack of a firm Roman tactic in the East: the non-Arcacid Sohoemus (164-185) recognized as king of Armenia by the Antoninus emperors (130-130)

E. Strife and Plague in Rome and the independent policies of Vagharsh/Vologases II of the Armenian Arsacids (ca. 186-191/198)

A. The world scene and decay of the established powers

B. The reign of Khosrov I (Osroes, Chosroes) (ca. 198-216) and the imperial designs of Caracalla (211-217)

C. Captivity of Khosroes I and restoration under Trdat/ Tiridates II (ca. 217-252)

D. The Sasanid revolution and overthrow of the Parthian Arsacids

E. Ardashir and the Sasanid impact on Armenia's orientation

F. Shapur I of Sasanid Persia (241-272): Upheaval in Armenia, 253-273

G. Khosrov/Chosroes II the Armenian Arsacid (273-287): Support from Aurelian (270-275)

H. Renewed Sasanid Incursions: Tiridates (287-298?), the son of Khosrov, under the protection of Rome and the patronage of Diocletian (284-305)

I. The Armeno-Roman victory over the Sasanid Nerseh (293-302) and the Peace of Nisibis, 297 A.D.

J. Enthronement of the Armenian Arsacid, Trdat/Tiridates III [IV?] (ca.298-330)

A. Land ownership

 1. royal domain

 2. royal land

 3. temple land

4. private estates

5. service land grants

6. village commune

B. The City and Urban Life

C. Class Structure

 1. tagavor--king, his functions

 2. vostan--princes of the blood

 3. bdeshk--margraves, princes of the marchlands

 4. nakharar--governor, then noble

 5. sepuh--sons of nakharar

 6. azatani--the king's troop

 7. rahmik--commoner

 8. shinakan-peasant

 9,  struk-----slave

D. The Royal "Ministries"

 1. The Council

 2. Hazarapet--Chief Minister, his functions

 3. Tagakap-Aspetutiun--Coronant (the Bagratid nakharars)

 4. Chief of the Royal Escort

 5. Mardpetutiun--Keeper of the Treasury and Harem

 6. Meds Datavorutiun--justice, High Priest and then Catholicos Hayots, Supreme Patriarch of the Armenian Church

 7. Senikapet ----- Chamberlain: the secretarial offices

 8. Sparapet ------ High Constable or Commander-in-Chief of Cavalry

E. Administrative Districts and the Population during Arsacid Times

A. The tradition of Abcar of Edessa (Urfa), from Movses of Khoren

B. The First "Illuminators," Thaddeus and Bartholomew

C. The First Martyrs

D. Murder of King Khosrov (Father of Trdat III) by Anak (Father of Gregory).

E. Gregory in Khor Virap

F. The Martyrdom of Hripsime and Gayane and Tiridates' illness

G. Gregory the Illuminator, Conversion of Tiridates, Cathedral at Etchmiadzin

H. Gregory's Ordination at Caesarea--the issue of Apostolic Succession

I. Implications of Christianity in Armenian history

J. The Christian Councils: Nicea, 325; Constantinople, 381; Ephesus, 431

K. Christological Disputes: Monophysite and Duophysite

L. The Council of Chalcedon, 451, and the Armenian Reaction

M. The Armenian Hierarchy: Catholicos; Patriarch; Bishop; Vardapet (archimandrite); Kahana (non-celibate clergy), Sargavak (deacon).

A. The Rulers:

• Trdat/Tiridates III or IV (298-330)
• Khosrov III (330-338)
• Tiran (338-350)
• Arshak 11 (350-367)
• Pap (367-374)
• Varazdat (374-378)
• Arshak III (378-389)
• Khosrov IV (384-391)
• Vramshapuh (391-417)

B. Foreign Policy

1. Tiridates and Constantine

2. The Persian tactic under Shapur 11 (310-379): invasions, 335-336, 350, 359, 367-369.

3. The initial Roman/Byzantine policy: sporadic support under Constantine and Constantius.

4. Changes under Julian the Apostate and Jovian.

5. The Roman murder of King Pap in 374.

6. Armenia as a problem both for Persia and for Rome/Byzantium.

C. Domestic Affairs

1. Garni, Etchintiadzin, Dvin

2. Economic gains.

3. The Nakharar problem: Kamsarakans as examples of disaffected Nakharars and the Mamikonians as loyal supporters: The sparapets Vache, Vasak, Mushegh, Manuel and the Samvel theme of Raffi

4. Social issues

D. Church and State

1. Gregory and his descendents on the patriarchal throne

2. World Councils at Nicea and Constantinople

3. Church-State rivalry and the revival of paganism

4. The conflicts with King Tiran and King Arshak II

5. Patriarch Nerses (the Great) and the Council of Ashtishat, 356 A.D.

6. The destruction of Arshakavan, 358: The interpretations

7. King Pap and the Church: His historic image

E. The Partition of Armenia

1. Changes in Persian-Roman policies in latter part of fourth century

2. Alleged corespondence between Shapur and Constantius

3. Jovian's abandonment of Armenia in 363

4. The Persian seizure and deaths of Arshak II and Vasak Mamikonian

5. Armenian defense under Queen Parandzem, 363-369

6. Pap's reign and murder by General Trajan, 374 A.D.

7. Decline and dethronement of Varazdat 374-378

8. The co-kings Arshak III and Khosrov IV -- prelude to partition

9. The negotiations of Shaper III (383-388) and Theodosius (379-395)

10. The Treaty of 387 A.D. and the Partition of Armenia

11. Significance in Armenian, Persian, and Roman/Byzantine History

A. Western Armenia under Arshak 111, (387-389)

B. Roman administration in Western Armenia through Comes Armeniae and subsequently, Magister Militium

C. Eastern Armenia (Persarmenia) under Khosrov IV 387-391, 414-415, and Vramshapuh (391-417)

D. Persian attempts to follow the Byzantine/Roman example, the Persian candidate Shapur (418-422)

E. The last Armenian Arsacid/Arshakuni king, Artashes, (422-428/29)

F. Beginning of the Marzpan (viceroyalty) governing system in Persarmenia

G. Overview of the Arsacid/Arshakuni dynasty and period, 1-5th centuries A.D.

A. The religious-cultural challenge

B. Literature before the fifth century

C. The impetus from Mesrob Mashdots Catholicos Sahak (Isaac) and Vramshapuh

D. The Armenian alphabet, ca. 406 A.D.

E. Translations: the Scriptures, ca 435; liturgies; patristrics; philosophy

F. Science: Eznik of Koghp and Anania of Shirak (7th century.), the universe

G. History

1. Moves of Khoren (Khorenatsi). Kayots Patmutiun (History of the Armenians), Origins to end of Arsacid/Arshakuni dynasty

2. Sources for Armenia's conversion and 3rd and 4th century history Paustos Bazand and Agathangelos

3. Biography: Koriun, Vark Mashdotsi (Life of Mesrob Mashdots)

4. Wars of Religious Freedom- Eghishe (Elisha) and Ghazar (Lazarus) of Parp

H. Arts, Architecture, and Sculpture

A. Armenia after the Arsacid/Arshakuni dynasty

B. Yezdagerd II (438-457) and Sasanid assimilative policies

C. Mission of Denshapur and economic oppression, 447

D. Catholicos Hovsep (Joseph) and the anti-Persian nakharars

E. Vizier Mihrnerseh's ultimatum: The Armenian response at Artashat, 449

F. The Nakharar apostacy at Ctesiphon

G. Rebellion and resistance, 449-450

H. The controversy around Marzpan (viceroy) Vasak Siuni

I.  Vardan Mamikonian as Marzpan and Sparapet: The Byzantine - position,

J.  Popular involvement under Ghevond Erets (Leontius the Priest)

K. The Battle of Avarair: the sources, events and aftermath, 451

L.  Renewal of the struggle in the 470s with Vahan Mamikonian as sparapet and Sahak Bagratuni as marzpan.

M. The battles and negotiations: Peace of Nvarsak, 484 A.D.

N. Vahan Mamikonian as Marzpan at Dvin

O. Significance of War of Vardanank in Armenian History

A. Byzantine Policies and Reforms: The Magistros at Garin/Karin

B. Justinian (527-565) and the novela of 529 and 536

C. Christological controversy as expression of political differences and the Armenian Councils at Dvin, 506 and 554.

D. Anti-Byzantine rebellions

E. Persian policies: Sebeos as a source

F. Rebellion, 571-572

G. Correspondence of Emperor Maurice and Shah Khosrov

H. New Partition of Armenia, 591 A.D.

I. The Byzantine-Sasanid Long Struggle, 602-628 and the Byzantine Emperor -Heraclius the Armenian, (610-641)

J. The impasse of the 7th century and rise of the Arabs

 A. The rise and expansion of Islam

 B. The three expeditions into Armenia, 640-650 A.D

 C. Theodorus Rshtuni, the Sparapet, and Nerses III, the Catholicos

 D. Agreement with the Governor of Syria, Muawiya

 E. The Umayyad Period to 750, Damascus, followed by the Abbasid, Baghdad

 F. The rebellions of 703-705 and the fate of the Nakharars at Nakhi-chevan

 G. Ermenia, Dvin, Emir, Vostikan

 H. Dvin and seventh century culture and architecture,, Zvartnots

 I. Changes in the ethnic makeup in Armenia

A. The Abbasids in Baghdad

B. The reign of Harum-al-Rashid, - 786-809

C. The Mamikonians challenged by the Bagratunis (Bagratids)

D. Sahak Bagratuni, Prince of the Armenians, 753

E.  The Great Rebellion, 774-775

F.  Siege of Garin and the waning of the Mamikonians

H.  Internal weaknesses of the Abbasids

I.   Ashot Bagratuni, 775-804, and Ashot Msaker Bagratuni, 805-826,  Prince of the Armenians

J.  The Babek Movement and the decline of the Caliphate

A. Socio-economic-religious content of the movement

B. Spread from 6th through 8th century

C. Rebellions of Paulicians and strongholds along the frontiers

D. Repression and deportation by the Byzantine Emperor Basil I

E. The cult

A. Smbat Bagratuni

B. The policies of the Caliph Mutawakil

C. The rebellion of 851-852 and the armies of Bugha

D. Ashot Bagratuni., Prince of Princes, 860

E. Cultural aspects

A. Power structure in Western Asia; the Macedonian dynasty of Byzantium

B. Renewed strategic importance of Armenia

C. Investiture of Ashot Bagratuni as Prince of Princes.

D. Recreation of an Armenian kingdom, 885/886 A.D.

E. The Bagratids and their policies

F. Smbat I (890-914), the Martyr King

G. Deficiences in the structure; decentralization

H. The kingdom of Vaspurakan under the house of Ardzruni

I. Ashot II the Iron, (914-928)

J. Cultural diversity and political splinterings; the subkingdoms of  Kars' Lori (Gugark) and Siunik

K.Gagik I, 990-1020, attempts at centralization

L. Interference of the Byzantine Empire; seizure of the Vaspurakan kingdom

M.  The reign of Hovhannes (John)-Smpat and the strategy of Byzantium

N.  Gagik II, the divided political orientations, and the fall of Ani, 1045

O.  The long range impact

P.   The flourishing of the arts: architecture, sculpture, painting

A. Their credo

B. Repression and deportation

C. Social, economic and political significance

A. The Seljuk Turks: origins, migration, conversion, conquest

B. Toghrul Bey, the initial expedition of 1048

C. The sack of Ardzn, 1049

D. Toghrul's third expedition, 1054, and the results

E. The conquest of Baghdad, 1055

F.  Alp Arslan (1063-1072), and the Seljuk conquest of Transcaucasia

G. Submission of the subkingdoms of Gugark, Siunik, and Kars

H. Seige and fall of Ani, 1064

I.  The Battle of Manzikert, 1071.

J.  Malik Shah (1072-1092), the last sultan of a united Seljuk empire

K. Decentralization, the rise of emirates and anarchy in Armenia

L. The growth of Georgian power

A. The Armenian Barons of Cilicia

1. Geography of Cilicia: Taurus, Anti-Taurus, Amanus, Alexandretta, Ayas, Hromkla, Lampron, Tarsus, Sis, Anazarba, Antioch, Edessa

2. Cilicia as a marchland

3. The Armenian influx: Governor Philaretus and Gogh Vasil

4. The House of Lambron and others

5. The noble Ruben raises the standard of rebellion: Bardzberd

6. The Rubenid (Rubenian) dynasty

B. Constantine and the First Crusade

1. The First Crusade

2. Role of Armenia

3. The siege of Antioch

4. Constantine the "Princeps de Montibus"

C. The XII Century Barons

1. The neighbors: Sultan of Iconium, Byzantium, Antioch, Edessa, Emir of Aleppo

2. Union of the mountains and plains of Cilicia: Toros (1102-29) and Levon (1129-40)

3. The campaigns of Emperor John Comnenus, 1137

4. Restoration of Armenian hegemony under Toros II (1144-69)

5. Mleh, (1169-74) and Ruben II (1175-87) as the forerunners to kingship

D. Formation of the Cilician Kingdom

1. The Muslim consolidation and the fall of Edessa, 1144; The Zangids

2. Saladin (Salah-ed-Din) and the conquest of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187

3. The Third Crusade

4. The plans of Baron Leo III (1187-1219)

5. Negotiations with Frederic Barbarossa and collaboration with Richard of England

6. Negotiations with Pope Celestin III and Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI

7. Bestowal of crown of royalty; recognition of King Levon (now Levon I)

8. The domestic and external policies of Levon (Leo)

9. The question of succession

E. The Hetumids

1. End of the Rubenid male "royal" line

2. Question of laws and succession

3. Zabel (Isabelle) and pretenders to the throne

4. Marriage of Zabel and Philip of Antioch

5. Constantine Constable as regent and Zabel's second marriage

6. King Hetum (1226-70), and the Hetumid line (1226-1341)

7. Impact of Mongol conquest of Greater Armenia and Western Asia

8. The mission of Constable (Sparapet) Smbat, brother of Hetum

9. Hetum's journey to Karakorum and agreement with Mongols

F. The Mongol-Armenian alliance versus the Mamluks of Egypt

1. The Mongol capture of Baghdad, 1258

2. The expansion of Cilicia

3. The Mongol setback at Ayn Jalut (1260) and the Mamluk invasion of Cilicia

4. The reign of Levon II (1270-89), external policy and the defeat of the Mongol-Armenian army

5. Impact of Mongol conversion to Islam

G. Cilicia, the Last Christian State of Western Asia

1. Isolation of the region

2. Religious cleavages: Unitor vs. Anti-Unitor

3. Hetum II (1289-1307, with interruptions) and a time of irresolution

4. The bend toward Rome

5. The nationalist resistance

6. Levon III (1305-07) and Oshin (1307-20)

7. The Church Councils of Sis (1307) and Adana (1318)

8. Levon IV (1330-41) and the decline of the Hetumids

9. The throne transferred to the Lusignans

H. War and Peace with the Mamluks

1. Guy Lousignan (1342-44)

2. The temporary recovery under two Constantines (1344-62 and 1367-73)

3. Levon V (1374-75), his battles, the fall of Sis, his capture and ransom

4. The end of the Cilician kingdom and effect upon Armenians

I. The Cultural "Silver Age" of the Armenians

1. The conditions of Cilicia

2. Changes in cultural outlook

3. The impact of Gregory Pahlavuni and this brother Nerses the Graceful (Shnorhali)

4. The development of secular poetry

5. Constantine of Erzinka (Erzinkatsi)

6. Hovhannes (John) of Erzinka

7. Frik, the protestor

8. Hovhannes (John) Tlkurantsi, the poet of love

9. Armenian painting and the art of miniatures

10. The Armenian manuscript, illustrated

11. Toros Roslin; the schools in eastern Armenia: Siuni, Gladzor, Tatev