Layered Situations and Agent Orientation
David Sallach
sallach@uchicago.edu
Herbert Simon hypothesized (1996:53) that the apparent
complexity of human behavior reflects the complexity of the environment in
which we find ourselves. In order to effectively model the dynamics
of social processes, it is necessary to capture, not only the complexity
of natural and social ecologies, but also how situated agents with limited
cognitive capacity apprehend and respond to settings that are continually
redefined.
In recent decades, the ‘situation’ has emerged
as a focus in the scientific modeling of complexity. Philosophically,
Popper (1995) describes situations as having objective propensities that
tend to be realized. In linguistics (Barwise & Perry 1983), mathematics
(Devlin 1991) and logic (Barwise 1989), situation theory has emerged as a
powerful and flexible formalism for modeling context. In sociology,
Collins (1994) has proposed ‘situational reductionism’ as a way of bridging
between micro and macro dynamics. In artificial intelligence, situated
agents of various degrees of complexity have been an important innovation
(Hendriks-Jansen 1996; Clancey 1997; Ferber 1999), addressing issues on which
conventional AI has foundered (Brooks 1999).
When considering situational modeling, a part of the
complexity of social dynamics results from the ability of human agents to
define the same events from a variety of situational scales. A battle
is part of a campaign, a war and a period of national renewal or decline.
Further, since all participants have this capability, definitions of situations
may abound and require reconciliations. Common definitions of relevant
situational scale may contribute to social coherence, while divergent scale
may make coordination difficult.
Integration of multi-scale orientation into agent
simulation has the potential to increase the plausibility of social models,
without a significant increase in agent complexity. This paper uses situation
theory to model multi-scale agent focus, and to illustrate issues arising
from the support of situational orientations.