Layered Situations and Agent Orientation
David Sallach
sallach@uchicago.edu


      Herbert Simon hypothesized (1996:53) that the apparent complexity of human behavior reflects the complexity of the environment in which we find ourselves.  In order to effectively model the dynamics of social processes, it is necessary to capture, not only the complexity of natural and social ecologies, but also how situated agents with limited cognitive capacity apprehend and respond to settings that are continually redefined.
       In recent decades, the ‘situation’ has emerged as a focus in the scientific modeling of complexity.  Philosophically, Popper (1995) describes situations as having objective propensities that tend to be realized.  In linguistics (Barwise & Perry 1983), mathematics (Devlin 1991) and logic (Barwise 1989), situation theory has emerged as a powerful and flexible formalism for modeling context.  In sociology, Collins (1994) has proposed ‘situational reductionism’ as a way of bridging between micro and macro dynamics.  In artificial intelligence, situated agents of various degrees of complexity have been an important innovation (Hendriks-Jansen 1996; Clancey 1997; Ferber 1999), addressing issues on which conventional AI has foundered (Brooks 1999).
      When considering situational modeling, a part of the complexity of social dynamics results from the ability of human agents to define the same events from a variety of situational scales.  A battle is part of a campaign, a war and a period of national renewal or decline.  Further, since all participants have this capability, definitions of situations may abound and require reconciliations.  Common definitions of relevant situational scale may contribute to social coherence, while divergent scale may make coordination difficult.
       Integration of multi-scale orientation into agent simulation has the potential to increase the plausibility of social models, without a significant increase in agent complexity. This paper uses situation theory to model multi-scale agent focus, and to illustrate issues arising from the support of situational orientations.